For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens;
Isaiah 45:18
"Despite its supposed proof of the big bang, the cosmic microwave background has been a source of challenges to the standard cosmology. One difficulty is the horizon problem. No one expects that a big bang universe would have started with exactly the same temperature everywhere. If you look out into the universe in one direction, for example, due east, you will receive radiation from a distant region (call it region A) that secular astronomers say is just now reaching earth after traveling for more than 13 billion years, the supposed age of the universe. If you look in the opposite direction, for example, due west, you will see radiation that is just arriving from another location (call it region B). We find that the radiation from points A and B reveals that these regions have almost precisely the same temperature. But that shouldn’t be if the two regions haven’t yet had time to exchange energy and equalize their temperatures. These points couldn’t yet have been in “thermal contact” with one another since they are 26 billion light years apart, so why do they have the same temperature? This question arises regardless of which direction we look.
About thirty years ago cosmologists attempted to resolve this problem with inflation. In cosmology,
Inflation also was invoked to explain another difficulty, the flatness problem. As the universe expands, the ratio of gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy (denoted by the Greek letter omega) changes. After billions of years of expansion, the ratio ought to be either almost exactly zero or a very large number. However, measurements have shown that the ratio is only slightly below 1. In the big bang cosmology this suggests that the value of omega initially was almost exactly 1, as opposed to an infinite number of other possibilities. This makes the universe seem very improbable.
So inflation is their rescuing device.
If they assume inflation occurred in the early universe, it would have driven the value up to almost exactly 1, where it needed to be, and from that point it could have decreased only slightly, even after billions of years. There is no independent evidence that inflation indeed happened—outside of their need for it to happen.
Another problem with cosmic background radiation is that it is almost perfectly smooth. Today we see hierarchal structure in the universe, with matter clumped into stars that in turn are clumped into galaxies and clusters of galaxies. In short, the universe is clumpy, not smooth.
To explain this clumpy structure, cosmologists require that the matter in the early universe not be perfectly smooth (homogeneous) but instead have regions that were slightly denser, interspersed with regions that were less dense (an inhomogeneous universe). The denser regions supposedly acted as gravitational seeds that attracted surrounding material to produce the structure that we see today.
Unfortunately for their theory, these inhomogeneities must have been fine-tuned, not too small and not too great. If the early universe were too smooth, the structures that we see today wouldn’t be here (nor would we). But if the inhomogeneities were too great, nearly all matter would have transformed into massive black holes, and again the structures that we see today wouldn’t be here (nor would we).
Finally, string theory is a new idea that theoretical physicists have developed to explain other mysteries about how matter works, especially subatomic physics. Certain properties of elementary particles can be best explained if the universe has at least six additional spatial dimensions, dimensions that we normally cannot detect. There is no evidence for this, so it probably is better to call this the string hypothesis rather than string theory.
If this hypothesis is true, then scientists ought to include it in their treatments of the early big bang universe. So in recent years cosmologists have begun to include string theory in their models." AIG
