Lesson from the Measurements of Noah's Ark

"Let's go to verse 13. And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh has come before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them, and behold, I will do what? Destroy them with the earth. 

Now God proceeds to give Noah some details. 

Verse 14, read with me. Make the anarch of now not elm or birch.
Gopher make thee an ark of gopher wood. Room shalt thou make in the ark and shall pitch it within and without with pitch.
Now we have some details. The kind of wood. Make some rooms.
apply pitch on the inside and on the outside.
Next verse. And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of. The length of the ark shall be 300 cubits, the breadth of it 50 cubits, and the height of it 30 cubits. 

*Noah not 299 cubits.

Now in the university of Seoul in South Korea maritime scholars

who study ships and how they behave on the waves they discovered that the ratio of the ark is the perfect ratio for a ship to withstand rough seas. The ratio was 6:1. In other words, 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide.
*If you attend the University of whatever and you take an exam, you get 99%, you pass.
Q: You take an exam from God, you get 99, you fail because God requires what?
A: Perfection----which is possible only of course through Jesus Christ. Christ's perfection covers us. God requires 100%.
Noah did everything God said exactly as God said it." 

Randy Skeete

Tectonic Plates and the Flood

"One of the most incredible claims of modern science is that

continents move. When Alfred Wegener proposed a version of this theory in 1912, fellow scientists accused him of “pseudoscience,” “delirious ravings,” and suffering from “moving crust disease.” 

*Now that his theory is widely accepted, most schoolbooks and museums present it simply as fact, without detailed justification.

Christians need to be careful of both extremes, especially on a topic so central to our understanding of earth history. 

---Just because evolutionists developed a theory doesn’t make it wrong, 

---but scientific “consensus” doesn’t mean we should blindly accept everything they say without some fact-checking.

---No one wants to sound like Wegener’s original close-minded, shrill opponents.

Q: Have you ever wondered why some of the most powerful earthquakes strike places like southern California but leave other regions unscathed? 

Q: Why do active volcanoes explode in the Pacific Northwest but skip the Midwest? 

Similar patterns are repeated around the globe and demand an explanation. They are important clues indicating that the earth's surface really does move.

Most of the world’s active volcanoes occur in linear belts that coincide with earthquake zones. This is especially obvious at the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes are so plentiful here that this circle is called the “Ring of Fire.” Active volcanoes belch out steam, ash, and lavas from the upwelling of hot molten rock (called magma) from inside the earth. 

Q:Why are so many volcanoes here and not elsewhere?

Not only do earthquakes track around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, they also encircle the globe in an interlinked pattern. A line of earthquake zones runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean and then east into the Indian Ocean, where it splits in two, one branch heading northward towards Arabia, and the other branch heading eastward into the Pacific Ocean. Clearly something is happening at these special zones.

Geologists believe that this interlinked pattern of earthquake zones and active volcanoes marks the edges of “plates” that divide the earth’s outer skin, or crust, into more than a dozen pieces. (Strictly speaking, the plates include the uppermost mantle beneath the crustal pieces.) They claim that the movements of these plates cause earthquakes and volcanoes.

The study of earth movements is technically known as “tectonics,” so the study of plate movements is called “plate tectonics.” (Note that it is no longer accurate to call it “continental drift.” We now know that the ocean floor crust is also moving. In fact, the Pacific, Nazca, Cocos, and Scotia plates are moving even though they consist almost entirely of ocean floor crust.)

Perhaps you never realized it, but the earth has two different types of crust. When ocean vessels began sampling the ocean floor in the 1960s, scientists realized how different the ocean crust was from the continents’ crust.

The differences are very distinct. 

The continents are made up of many different rock types, but if we were to grind them all up, the average composition would be similar to granite. On the other hand, drilling into the ocean floors has revealed that the oceanic crust beneath the ooze is made up of basalt (dark volcanic rock). Granites contain a lot of silicon and not so much iron and magnesium, whereas basalts contain a lot less silicon but much more iron and magnesium.

Cooled oceanic crust is heavier than the hot mantle beneath it. So it tends to sink. The continental crust, in contrast, is much lighter (less dense), so it floats. As a result, the continents “ride” higher than the ocean crust. If they collide, the ocean crust would slide under the continental crust because it is heavier.
The high pressure and temperature in a collision would cause a melting reaction that would ultimately send hot magma from the upper mantle toward the surface. Scientists have checked the chemistry of many lavas on the edges of continents and found that they are generally mixtures of ocean basalt rock and continental granitic rocks, producing intermediate rocks called andesites and dacites.

Wherever oceanic plates are pulling apart, geologists would expect to find lava that rose from the uppermost mantle beneath the rift to produce new oceanic crust. The best example is the boundary down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The rifting has produced a topographic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. When scientists tested the lava in this region, they found it matches typical oceanic crust.

Plates also push against, or collide into, one another. This has two results.
If two continental plates collide, they buckle and crumple in the

collision zone to produce mountains. The best example is the Himalayas. Here geologists find lower continental crust material (granites) intruded into buckled metamorphosed sedimentary layers.
If an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, it is pushed down underneath the edge of the continental plate (technically known as subduction). One of the best-known examples is off the coast of Peru and Chile. Here the Nazca plate is being pushed down under the South American plate. The result is the Andes Mountains. Here geologists find lavas that are a mixture of oceanic and continental crust material (called andesite).
Another possible interaction is plates sliding past one another. Here geologists find earthquakes but not volcanoes. The most infamous example is the San Andreas Fault of southern California, the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates. Every time these plates move along that fault zone, devastating earthquakes result.

Q: Since scientists weren’t present to study the original lavas when they flowed out of mid-oceanic ridges, how do they know the lavas came from the boundary between two plates and then pushed the plates in opposite directions? 

Scientists found the lavas had formed a unique pattern when they cooled, known as magnetic “stripes”.
Molten material rises wherever plates are separating. As the lava cools, magnetic portions point toward the earth’s magnetic north. New deposits point in a different direction if the magnetic north has flipped. The unique pattern of matching magnetic “stripes” on the

seafloor—on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge—shows it has been spreading.
It appears that in the past the earth’s magnetic field changed direction. So when each new surge of seafloor basalts upwelled and cooled, it should have recorded a different magnetic field direction. This is possible because basalts contain magnetic iron in a mineral called magnetite. When the magma cools, regions within the magnetite crystals (called magnetic domains) align themselves with the magnetic field and “freeze” into the rock, recording the direction of the earth’s magnetic field at that time.

Another amazing prediction of plate tectonics is the existence of the plate that drove into the western edge of North America, pushing up the Rocky Mountains and then disappearing under the continent. Scientists predicted this plate should have sunk deep into the mantle under western North America. They were able to test their prediction after the development of seismic tomography (using seismic waves to make a 3D image of the earth’s interior). As expected, they found the missing plate, known as the Farallon plate, deep in the mantle.

Genesis 7:11 says the Flood began with the breaking up of “the fountains of the great deep.” This catastrophic bursting of hot waters and upwelling molten rock would have caused a massive rift in the seafloor (“the great deep”). Such rifting would have rapidly spread around the globe, including across the pre-Flood supercontinent, tearing it apart to make today’s continents.

Shortly thereafter, the cold pre-Flood ocean crust would have started to sink, being subducted under the less dense continental crust, which continued to “float.” 

Scientist John Baumgardner has shown that plate movements would have been extremely fast during the Flood event, compared to what we observe today. 

Most of the continents were moved by seafloor spreading and runaway subduction during the Flood year. 

Today, we merely see residual movements of the plates, but enough to powerfully explain where all the earthquakes, active volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, and deep-sea trenches

 occur on earth." 

AIG

Those Vast Blankets of Rock

And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. Genesis 7:19

"Seen nearly everywhere, on all the continents, sedimentary rock strata cover some 75% of the earth’s land surface. Strata are often horizontal but can also be tilted. The tilting may be due to tectonic movement or to the angle of original deposition, as strata can deposit at gradients exceeding 30°. Some strata have been deformed into

curves due to subsequent tectonic movement while the sediments were still soft. Sedimentary layers come in many different thicknesses and types, from enormous formations hundreds of meters deep, down to tiny laminae less than 1 mm thick.
These layered rock formations continue under the ground, right under our feet. Individual layers frequently continue, unbroken, over huge areas of the continents. Another way to visualize them is as vast ‘blankets’ of rock, on top of each other in series.

Layers covering large areas of continents are extremely difficult or impossible to explain using standard uniformitarian explanations of sediment deposition.
Sedimentologist Guy Berthault’s flume experiments demonstrated that layered sediments deposit rapidly in the manner of a horizontally advancing deposition in the direction of current flow. This is known as progradation. 

Sideways deposition of strata was first proposed by German geologist Johannes Walther (1860–1937). In the context of a global Flood, strata will form in wide currents of sediment-laden water when a ‘basin’ or lowered area is created. Enormous quantities of loose sediment particles are carried along by the water currents and fall down the advancing ‘face’, or front, of the layer of sediment. This is how the layer grows horizontally. Depositing sideways, the layers are laid down like a layer of cream or icing spread sideways on a cake.
In the year-long global Flood, the world’s deepest and largest sedimentary formations were deposited in just a few months, at mind-boggling speed. Indeed, Berthault’s experiments demonstrate that three layers can form together at the same time. As the layers form, further back (‘upstream’ of the current) another three can simultaneously begin to form horizontally on top of them.

The Tonto Group, part of the Grand Canyon strata, is an example of three layers extending over a large area that formed together during the global Flood. 

A layer of sand at the bottom, 

a clay mud layer in the middle, 

and a lime mud layer on top were 

deposited sideways and at the same time, early in the Flood. 

These later hardened into rock to become the Tapeats Sandstone, Bright Angel Shale and Muav Limestone strata. Further series of layers then deposited in water currents over the top of these sediments, in the same rapid and sideways manner, to form the entire Grand Canyon sequence of strata. The canyon itself was then eroded as the Floodwaters later poured off the continent.

Berthault also discovered that geological layering can rapidly

develop after, not during, deposition of the sediments, due to desiccation (drying out) creating bedding plane separations in the sediments, as the entire formation gradually hardened into rock. Desiccation occurred after the Flood waters had drained away and the land began to dry out.

Such a Flood, caused by tectonic break-up of the crust, produced high energy water currents, massive erosion, and enormous quantities of loose sediment. Carbonate and other rock-forming minerals were dissolved in the floodwaters, and likely also welled up from beneath the crust, in the waters of the fountains of the great deep.
Such widespread geological strata are compelling evidence for the Biblical Flood." 

CMI

Creation Moment 11/18/2025 - Lyell’s Atheistic War Against Genesis

Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools.

Romans 1:22 NIV

"Charles Lyell was born into a wealthy family on November 14, 1797. His father was a translator and scholar of the works of the famous Italian poet Dante and also a recognized expert on botany, who introduced Charles to the study of nature.

In 1816, Lyell entered Oxford University, and in 1817–1819, he attended the eight spring-term geology lectures of William Buckland, who at the time offered the only lectures on geology in Britain. Buckland wrote two books (in 1820 and 1823) defending the global catastrophic flood of Noah. But he held to the gap theory, attributing most of the sedimentary rock record to multiple catastrophes over ages long before Adam.

Lyell graduated with a BA in classics (ancient Greek and Roman

studies) in 1819 and received an honorary MA in 1821. After graduation, he studied law at Lincoln’s Inn and became a practicing lawyer in London. In 1823, he was elected joint secretary of the Geological Society of London (which was a wealthy “gentlemen’s club” of amateur geologists formed in 1807—there were no professional, vocational geologists at this time). 

He traveled in rural England to study geological formations and presented his first geological paper in 1826. By 1827, he had abandoned law to focus full-time on geology (funded by his father’s wealth) as he applied and refined the ideas he had gained from James Hutton’s old-earth Theory of the Earth (1795), which Lyell was exposed to as a teenager. So before he knew much about the geology of Britain and Europe and when geology was in its infancy as a science, Lyell was already committed to long ages of earth history under the influence of Buckland, Hutton and other old-earth proponents.

James Hutton, a medical doctor turned farmer turned geologist from Scotland, is considered by evolutionists to be the “Father of Modern Geology.” Historians of geology conclude from his writings that he was deist or secret atheist. Two statements Hutton made (reflecting such a worldview) have dominated old-earth thinking ever since his death in 1797.

In 1785, he wrote, “The past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now. . . . No powers are to be employed that are not natural to the globe, no action to be admitted except those of which we know the principle.” So here, Hutton lays down his law of geological reasoning. If we are going to reconstruct the history of the earth, it must be explained by presently observable, natural processes. He thereby ruled out the supernatural creation of the world and the global flood—when he knew almost nothing about the rocks of Scotland much less anywhere else.

In 1795, Hutton added, “But, surely, general deluges form no part of the theory of the earth; for, the purpose of this earth is evidently to maintain vegetable and animal life, and not to destroy them.” This too was a clear rejection of Noah’s flood.

Lyell embraced Hutton’s deistic/atheistic thinking and skillfully articulated them (in a way that Hutton could not) in his three-volume Principles of Geology (1830–1833). Lyell expressed his view succinctly this way:

"I have always been strongly impressed with the weight of an

observation of an excellent writer and skillful geologist who said that “for the sake of revelation [i.e., the Bible] as well as of science—of truth in every form—the physical part of Geological inquiry ought to be conducted as if the Scriptures were not in existence."

In a private letter to a friend, he said he wanted to “free the science [of geology] from Moses.”

As a result of Hutton and Lyell’s work, three assumptions took control of geology....uniformitarian naturalism. They are not derived from scientific research but are philosophical and religious in nature:

1) Nature is all that exists.
2) Everything can, and indeed must, be explained by time plus chance plus the laws of nature working on matter.
3) The processes of geological change (erosion, sedimentation, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.) have always been operating in the past at the same rate, frequency, and power as we observe today.

In 1831, when Charles Darwin launched his five-year voyage to study the world, he took a copy of the first volume of Lyell’s Principles on the boat. 

And he thoroughly absorbed Lyell’s thinking:

"I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell’s brains and that

I never acknowledge this sufficiently, nor do I know how I can, without saying so in so many words—for I have always thought that the great merit of the Principles, was that it altered the whole tone of one’s mind and therefore that when seeing a thing never seen by Lyell, one yet saw it partially through his eyes."

So Lyell’s writings and influence advocating geological evolution in the early 1800s paved the way for the general acceptance of Darwin’s theory of biological evolution (including human evolution and the rejection of a literal Adam) in the late 1800s and eventually the acceptance of the big bang theory of cosmological evolution in the twentieth century.

Unexpectedly in the 1970s, some evolutionary geologists began to reject Lyell’s uniformitarian dogma of slow, gradual geological change and return to the ideas of some of the catastrophists of the early 1800s. They began to see evidence of catastrophism in the rocks and to expose the truth of what Lyell said in 1827: “It is almost superfluous to remind the reader that they who have a theory to establish, may easily overlook facts which bear against them, and, unconscious of their own partiality, dwell exclusively on what tends to support their opinions.” Lyell was guilty of doing exactly that.

One of the leading “neocatastrophists” was Dr. Derek Ager (1923–1993), a well-known, British geology professor at Swansea University in Wales. Referring to geology in the early nineteenth century, Ager says,

"My excuse for this lengthy and amateur digression into history is that I have been trying to show how I think geology got into the hands of the theoreticians [i.e., uniformitarians] who were conditioned by the social and political history of their day more than by observations in the field. . . . In other words, we have allowed ourselves to be brainwashed into avoiding any interpretation of the past that involves extreme and what might be termed “catastrophic” processes."

Gould said,

"Gradualism was never “proved from the rocks” by Lyell and Darwin, but was rather imposed as a bias upon nature. . . . [It] has had a profoundly negative impact by stifling hypotheses and by closing the minds of a profession toward reasonable empirical alternatives to the dogma of gradualism. . . . Lyell won with rhetoric what he could not carry with data."

Lyell’s uniformitarianism was wrong, and the world has been brainwashed with a lie." 

AIG

ARCHAEOLOGY: Pre-Flood giant reptiles

There were giants in the earth in those days; Genesis 6:4

"A raccoon-sized armored lizard newly identified from Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah highlights the unexpected variety of these giant reptiles during the height of the Age of Dinosaurs. 

The species, named Bolg amondol after the goblin prince in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, also provides insight into the complex connections that once linked ancient continents.

While most fossil lizards from the Age of Dinosaurs are known only from highly fragmentary remains—often nothing more than a single bone or tooth—the preserved pieces of Bolg’s skeleton, though incomplete, hold an extraordinary wealth of information.

The Monstersauria are characterized by their large size and distinctive features like pitted, polygonal armor attached to their skulls and sharp, spire-like teeth. So by modern lizard standards, a very large animal, similar in size to a Savannah monitor lizard; something that you wouldn’t want to mess around with.

The rocks where Bolg was discovered, the Kaiparowits Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, have emerged as a paleontological hotspot over the past 25 years, producing one of the most astounding dinosaur-dominated records anywhere in North America with dozens of new species and critical insights into the past." 

SciTechDaily

ARCHAEOLOGY: Glimpse into Pre-Flood animal kingdom

All in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. Genesis 7:22

"For more than 15 years, an international group of paleontologists has been uncovering and analyzing fossils in Africa to better understand the Permian, a geologic period that....ended with the most catastrophic mass extinction in Earth’s history.

“This mass extinction was nothing short of a cataclysm for life on Earth,...,” said Christian Sidor, a UW professor of biology and

curator of vertebrate paleontology at the UW Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture.

The series highlights recent findings about the wide variety of animals that once inhabited Permian Africa, including saber-toothed predators, burrowing herbivores, and a large amphibian resembling a salamander.

All these finds were excavated in three basins across southern Africa: the Ruhuhu Basin in southern Tanzania, the Luangwa Basin in eastern Zambia, and the Mid-Zambezi Basin in southern Zambia.

For decades, scientists’ best understanding of the Permian, the Great Dying and the start of the Mesozoic came from the Karoo Basin in South Africa, which contains a near-complete fossil record of periods before and after the mass extinction.

"The number of specimens we’ve found in Zambia and Tanzania is so high and their condition is so exquisite that we can make species-level comparisons to what paleontologists have found in South Africa,” said Sidor." 

SciTechDaily

Creation Moment 7/30/2025 - Whale Valley: Whale of a Tale

And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth.... Genesis 1:21

"In a captivating headline published in Live Science on 4 July 2025, evolutionists take flood evidence and transform the narrative into supposed ‘evidence’ for evolution. 

The article by Sascha Pare, entitled: ‘Whale Valley: The whale

graveyard in the Sahara desert that shows they once had feet and toes’ bypasses the obvious question about how a well-preserved fossil graveyard formed in the world’s largest hot desert, to instead attempting to make the case that homologous structures in the whale pelvic region demonstrate a history of evolution. 

Q: But what do the whale graveyards really show?

Well-Preserved Fossils Suggest Rapid Burial
Referencing a feature on the website of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the authors state that:

“These skeletons and other marine fossils date to the late Eocene epoch (55.8 million to 33.9 million years ago), when present-day Egypt was submerged beneath the Tethys Ocean and whales had just evolved into sea creatures, according to UNESCO.”

According to palaeoclimate reconstruction based on evolutionary

interpretations, the Tethys Ocean began to shrink between 7-11 million years ago, during the Tortonian stage of the Late Miocene. This was supposedly triggered from the gradual collision between the African and Eurasian plates resulting in the closure of the West Tethys Seaway. These changes in land-ocean coverage supposedly resulted in atmospheric changes connected with the region, resulting in the weakening of the African Summer Monsoon.

As the story goes, this change further reduced rainfall in the region, compounding upon the lost sea, and expanding aridity in the region. Deducing from the estimated time frame, this process would have supposedly taken around 4 million years for the aridification of the region, forming what we know today as the Sahara Desert, estimated to have finally formed between 2-3 million Darwin Years before present—or even as early as 7 million years ago, according to Science (2006).

Unasked Questions

Q: With such a gradual process of ocean shrinkage and coupled atmospheric feedback taking around 4 million years, just how would 400 whale skeletons become fossilized? 

Q: With gradual ocean shrinkage, wouldn’t whales have just migrated and for those that did not, wouldn’t their remains have rotted with the ebbs and flows of the slowly retreating sea? 

---This provides strong evidence that these fossils in Whale Valley formed due to catastrophic processes rather than from ocean shrinkage and the slow process of the aridification of the desert.

The environmental conditions associated with the evolutionary story just does not fit with fossil formation we observe in the Sahara.

Further support for a global catastrophe comes from the variety of well-preserved organisms found. Quoting from the Live Science article:

“In 2005, paleontologists uncovered a stunningly preserved, near-
complete B. isis skeleton, prompting UNESCO to list Whale Valley as a World Heritage site. Since then, plenty more fossils have emerged, including the remains of ancient Eocene turtles, bony fishes, sharks, rays, crocodiles, sea cows and shellfish, according to the review.”

Q: Could gradual environmental change feasibly result in ‘stunning preservation’ of these organisms?
Beyond the evolutionary story of a localized oceanic shrinkage leading to the whale graveyard, the authors zoomed in on a curious structure found in whale skeletons as supposed evidence that they had legs. The evolutionary narrative holds that these bones are vestigial – merely remnants of an evolutionary past, ‘proving’ that whales are evolutionary ancestors. 

Q: But are these bones really vestigial? Is the evolutionary allegation really a watertight argument?
---Despite this claim of vestigiality, other evolutionary literature over the past decade has independently demonstrated that whales’ pelvic structures actually perform useful functions, including but not limited to anchoring reproductive organs and providing structural support for both reproductive and digestive systems. While evolutionists may attempt to justify functionality as a claim of ‘exaptations’ (suggesting changes in function over time), this is a philosophical claim, not a scientific one. As with the overall theory, this narrative once again highlights how evolutionists insist on reading history into the structure without direct evidence of such transitions.

As Dr. Bergman recently wrote, commenting on the Live Science article:

“…the animal discovered and reported by Pare in Live Science found in Whale Valley was not actually a whale, but rather a dolphin-like creature known as Archaeoceti, which measured about eight meters in length—significantly smaller than the average modern whale, which typically reaches around 27 meters length, making it roughly 3.4 times longer than Archaeoceti.”

By attempting to construct a coherent narrative, evolutionists often

make philosophical connections from fragmentary evidence to fit the story they seek to tell. Once again, this is far from being the scientific method, as this would mean any observation would have an a priori interpretation. Each observation would be used to support their favored narrative by default, rather than explore alternative interpretations.
While we encourage qualified scientists to continue highlighting flawed reasoning and other ‘whales’ of tales, we must restore scientific enquiry to its original intent of an open search for truth." Dr. Sarah Buckland-Reynolds

Where did the Flood Waters Go?

And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. Genesis 8:3

"New research reveals that only the oldest and fastest-sinking oceanic plates can transport water deep into Earth’s mantle, due to the unique heat-transferring properties of the mineral olivine.

The Earth’s outer shell, called the lithosphere, is broken into rigid

sections known as tectonic plates. These plates float on top of the hotter, more flexible mantle beneath them. When two plates collide, the denser one sinks into the mantle in a process called subduction. The plate that sinks is referred to as a “slab.” Oceanic plates are typically denser than continental ones, largely due to their high content of olivine, a mineral that makes up about 80 percent of oceanic lithosphere.

Olivine is also the predominant mineral in the Earth’s outer shell, representing 60% of the upper mantle (40-410 km of depth). While subducting, the cold slabs are progressively heated by the warm ambient mantle through heat diffusion, a process that involves heat

conduction and heat radiation. Understanding slab heating processes is fundamental to explaining the occurrence of deep earthquakes, and the presence of water at more than 600 km of depth.

The heat transport by radiation accounts for approximately 40 percent of the total heat diffused in the olivine-rich upper mantle. Therefore, radiative thermal conductivity plays an important role in slab heating and can have far-reaching effects on the density and the rigidity of the subducting plates, and their capacity to carry water into Earth’s interior." 

SciTechDaily

Creation Moment 6/26/2025 - 150 Million Years?

"Experts and educators have long assumed Archaeopteryx represents a transition from theropod dinosaurs to modern birds. All of this speculation depends on the fossils having been deposited many millions of years ago. But a newly described Chicago specimen—the fourteenth known Archaeopteryx—seems to have preserved original body tissues that would deflate its assumed old age and thus the evolutionary tales that require all those supposed years.

Publishing in Nature, a team led by the Chicago Field Museum’s associate curator of fossil reptiles, Jiangmai O’Connor, used UV light to distinguish differences between materials, and some of them looked like original biomaterials.

The Field Museum press release said that Archaeopteryx “lived about 150 million years ago during the Jurassic Period” and “is the fossil that proved Darwin right.” However, if the tissues they described could not last even one million years, then both Darwin and “150 million years” are wrong.

The study authors used the following phrases to describe the “soft tissues of the extremities:” “skin covering the right major digit of the hand is preserved,” showing a “clear outline of the skin along the major digit.” 

Further, “The plantar foot pads are partially preserved…visible under ultraviolet light.” 

This long-buried bird still has its “toe pads preserved.” Indeed, the images are stunning. They show clear color and texture differences between limestone matrix, bone, skin, and even the toe claws’ “keratinous sheath.”

Like horns and fingernails, claws have always had a bone at the core with keratin wrapped around and extending from it. However, keratin is a protein. Studies on protein decay have proven that chemicals relentlessly react with them. Amino acids that comprise proteins have inherent aspects that attract reactions with many nearby chemicals like water and oxygen.
Such biochemical decay studies show that even the toughest proteins cannot last one million years, assuming a constant and common temperature. This renders the fossil layer’s 150-million-year age assignment impossible.

Although this Nature paper did not chemically investigate what these tissues are made of—whether mineral replacement or what remains from original biochemicals—certain observations make a strong case that these are indeed the original bone, skin, and claw tissues. For one, each tissue type shows a different color. The bone looks off-white—like old bones do. The skin looks, well, skin-tone. And UV light revealed the claws’ “keratinous sheath” as slightly lighter and more yellow than the bone.

If minerals had replaced those original tissues with mere outlines of where those tissues had long before lain—as is the case with many other fossils—then how could three separate minerals each have selected its own tissue to perfectly replace?
Nor is it likely that such minerals could have replaced those tissues so completely without crystallizing at least a little bit beyond the body parts’ exact outlines. 

Q: Similarly, what minerals could so perfectly mimic original tissue colors?

The study authors concluded in part, “Data from the Chicago specimen reveal new information regarding the skeletal and soft tissue transformations associated with the pivotal transition from fully terrestrial to volant.” In other words, they claim that the data—including bird tissues—reveal something (but they don’t say what) about how some ancient land-walker transformed over millions of years into today’s flyers. Ironically, however, the very tissue that they folded into the mandatory evolutionary story deletes that same story by refuting its required long ages.

Q: So, was Archaeopteryx indeed the fossil that proved Darwin

right? 

A: According to their own analysis, Archaeopteryx was good at both flying and walking, “similar to pigeons and doves.” So, no. It’s just a dead bird.

The Genesis Flood paints a grim picture where this bird may have fallen from the sky from exhaustion or got swept it off its feet during the Flood. Limey mud soon hardened into the Solnhofen limestone that surrounded it and so many other fossils when it was buried only 4,500 or so years ago. 

No wonder it refutes evolution by looking like a fully formed bird that was entombed recently enough for some of its skin to have been preserved."

ICR

And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased... Genesis 7:17

ARCHAEOLOGY: River of Death

And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth: Genesis 7:23

"Paleontologists in Alberta, Canada, have recently unearthed “a mass grave on a monumental scale.” The BBC story speaks of

"Thousands of dinosaurs [that] were buried here, killed in an instant on a day of utter devastation."

Now, a group of palaeontologists have come to Pipestone Creek -

appropriately nicknamed the “River of Death”.
The question and answer regarding the mass dinosaur death is found in the same sentence above. It was a massive flood (“river”) of death that killed them 4,500 years ago. Unfortunately, paleontologists will not accept this hypothesis and unnecessarily place the event many millions of years ago.

In Michael Benton’s paleontology text in the section on dinosaur extinction, he lists “three current models to explain the KPg [Cretaceous-Paleogene or K-T extinction] event.”

These are the impact hypothesis (i.e., the giant asteroid impact supposedly 66 million years ago), the volcanic hypothesis, and the multiple causes hypothesis. 

In the multiple causes hypothesis he mentions “evidence of numerous killing agencies, including impact, marine regression [sea level drop], volcanic activity, and changes in climate.” Alas, the most obvious “agency” is not mentioned: a worldwide deluge.

Indeed, on the same page of Benton’s text he states,

"Over the years, more than a hundred hypotheses have been presented for the extinction of the dinosaurs....From about 1920, dozens of hypotheses were put forward, ranging from the physiological (slipped discs, excessive hormone production, loss of their sex drive) to the ecological (competition with mammals, change in plant food), from the climatic (too hot, too cold, too wet) to the terrestrial catastrophic (vulcanism, magnetic reversal), from the topographic (marine regression, mountain building) to the extraterrestrial (sunspots, cometary impact)."

As one can see, any explanation is valid—no matter how outrageous—except the most obvious: a global flood. A section of the BBC article has a most telling title: “A Sudden Devastating Event.” Morelle and Francis state,

“We believe that this was a herd on a seasonal migration that got tangled up in some catastrophic event that effectively wiped out, if not the entire herd, then a good proportion of it,” Prof [Emily] Bamforth says. All the evidence suggests that this catastrophic event was a flash flood - perhaps a storm over the mountains that sent an unstoppable torrent of water towards the herd, ripping trees from

their roots and shifting boulders. Prof Bamforth says the Pachyrhinosaurus wouldn't have stood a chance. “These animals are not able to move very fast because of their sheer numbers, and they're very top heavy - and really not very good at swimming at all.” Rocks found at the site show the swirls of sediment from the fast-flowing water churning everything up. It’s as if the destruction is frozen in time as a wave in the stone."

To be fair, as one can see, they do mention a flood—a local flash flood.
One cannot help but be amazed that when viewing Pipestone Creek and other massive graveyards, the paleontological community is so blind that they are unwilling to consider the obvious Genesis Flood explanation for dinosaur fossils. 

This is a clear example of what is called confirmation bias—the propensity to interpret information or evidence in ways consistent with existing beliefs while rejecting others. 

Wearing such blinders has significantly influenced the interpretation of the fossil record for over a century and a half so that the worldwide sedimentary formations are only considered in a uniformitarian context. 

Virtually every dinosaur fossil ever found is ensconced in sedimentary or (rarely) volcanic sediments, indicating a sudden and catastrophic deposition. This is particularly true with rich Cretaceous dinosaur beds (e.g., the Lance and Ferris Formations in Wyoming and the Hell Creek Formation in Montana). 

Q: So why would paleontologists entertain bizarre extinction explanations such as slipped discs, sunspots, or magnetic reversals? A: Because if a scientist dismisses the global Flood out of hand, then anything goes when trying to explain the dinosaur demise. Anything.
The paleontologists are calling the Canadian mass grave the “River of Death,” but it should more accurately be called “The Flood of Death.” 

ICR

IN the NEWS - "curved, broken and stacked".... Wonder What Caused That?

And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. Genesis 7:19

"Greater Adria, depicted as it’s theorized to have looked years ago. Dark green areas represent land above water, while light green areas are submerged.

Researchers have discovered a continent that’s been hidden beneath Southern Europe. The landmass is as big as Greenland.
The only remaining part of this continent is a strip that runs from Turin via the Adriatic Sea to the heel of the boot that forms Italy.
During the continent’s aquatic migration, much of the landmass was scraped off when it was forced under Southern Europe’s mantle. These removed masses then formed parts of the Alps, the Apennines, the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey.
“It is quite simply a geological mess,” said van Hinsbergen. “Everything is curved, broken and stacked." 

msn

Archaeology: Ichthyosaurs Graveyard

"Ichthyosaurs are marine reptiles that occur globally in the same rock layers as dinosaurs. Specimens with babies support the idea that they gave live birth, unlike most of today’s reptiles.

A pregnant ichthyosaur fossil named Fiona offers new information about the lifestyles of these marine predators.

Originally discovered in 2009 and excavated in 2022 near the Tyndall Glacier in Torres Del Paine National Park, southernmost Chile, it is the first complete ichthyosaur found in Chile. The same site has produced an additional 86 ichthyosaur specimens to date, qualifying the locality as a Lagerstätte deposit, or a fossil graveyard. All seem to have been buried rapidly in wet sand that has since turned to sandstone.

Fiona was taken out of the ground in five pieces and flown by helicopter to a nearby ranger station before being shipped to the research laboratory at the Natural History Museum Río Seco in Punta Arenas, Chile.

One of the most fascinating aspects of Fiona is that her snout was found to have been pushed about four inches into the sand during burial, causing the skeleton to twist and exposing its right side. Science writer Jordan Joseph further described the specimen.
Inside her body were fossilized fish vertebrae, which indicate that her last meal had not yet been digested. The fetus was also mostly intact and appeared ready for birth, with its tail oriented toward what would have been the exit path from the mother.

Joseph added this about Fiona’s rapid burial,

"The fossil reveals a story of sudden burial. Scientists suspect an underwater landslide pushed down a heavy flow of sand that covered Fiona almost instantly, and led to excellent conditions for the preservation of both mother and unborn baby."

To explain the other 86 ichthyosaur fossils at the site, the science team postulated that repeated underwater landslides catastrophically buried each of them. 

Q: But where are marine animals being buried completely, so perfectly, and in such numbers today? 

--In addition, these fossils are found on the continent, not in the deep ocean.

A better explanation is that Fiona and the other ichthyosaurs were

buried in the catastrophe of the global Flood described in Genesis. The forces behind her sudden burial are best explained by super-sized, tsunami waves generated by tectonic activity during the Flood year. Earthquakes can generally create a series of tsunamis. 

--Each wave could have carried in several living ichthyosaurs from the ocean depths, rapidly burying them in sand and mud. 

While it’s impossible to tell if Fiona was giving birth at the time of her burial or if the baby was simply pushed out by the compaction process, it’s clear that ichthyosaurs gave life birth. Fiona is a reminder of the judgement of the Flood. Her unfortunate burial while pregnant is a consequence of Adam’s sin and rebellion against Jesus Christ, our Creator. With the rest of creation, Christians look forward to the day when God will “make all things new” (Revelation 21:5)." ICR

ARCHAEOLOGY: Amphibian Graveyard of Wyoming Found

In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. Genesis 7:11

"Dozens of large soft-bodied tetrapods, thought to be “primitive amphibians,” have been found in a fossil graveyard in Wyoming. The press release says,

"Dozens of amphibians perished together on an ancient floodplain around 230 million years ago, according to a study published in the open-access journal PLOS One by Aaron M. Kufner of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, U.S., and colleagues."

Ancient amphibians as big as alligators died in mass mortality event in Triassic Wyoming (Phys.org, 2 April 2025). How did dozens of large tetrapods die together? The press release tries to say they were somehow trapped by restricted waterways in a drought when suddenly calm water rose and buried them. That sounds like a highly unusual event.

"Fine-grained ancient soils and finely layered sediments indicate that

these fossils were buried in a floodplain setting. Unlike similar sites, the water was evidently very calm, since even very delicate parts of the skeletons are preserved intact, and the bones aren’t arranged in any pattern that would suggest strong currents."

Q: Why didn’t amphibians just float and rise to the surface then? 

Q: And why were so many individuals crammed into the same area? Q: And how could delicate parts of skeletons endure 230 million years? If this were a seasonal event, one would think there would be millions of fossil bonebeds stacked on top of each other in the strata. Q: Why only one?

A new metoposaurid (Temnospondyli) bonebed from the lower Popo Agie Formation (Carnian, Triassic) and an assessment of skeletal sorting (Kufner et al., PLoS One, 2 April 2025).
Fossils of metoposaurid stereospondyls, thought to be primitive amphibians, are found on every continent. Portions of this paper indicate that the hypothesis that these creatures died in place in calm water is not certain. At least one of the skeletons still had dental plates intact presumably when buried with the gums undisturbed.

"Considering the inferred seasonality during Camp Springs deposition, the specimen was likely a desiccated and fragmented

carcass. Desiccation or draping of the bone-bearing palatal integument would have allowed for the retention of the denticulate plates leading up to final deposition where these diminutive elements were ultimately preserved in place within the interpterygoid vacuity…. Along with our observations of matrix-supported clasts associated with EP, these data do not exclude the possibility of a debris flow-hosted bonebed. However, in the absence of a quarry map and other firsthand sedimentological and stratigraphic data, these observations remain inconclusive at this time."

Clasts are pieces of rock embedded in a deposit from other locations. Finding “large clasts” within the deposit suggests a catastrophic, sudden mass burial event. Bivalve fossils were also found at the site, along with “abundant fragments of weathered petrified wood littering the surrounding area.”

"Uniquely among metoposaurid bonebeds, the NK locality preserves articulated and disarticulated denticulate palatal plates. Denticulate plates were embedded in the soft tissue of the palate in life and have been reported from other metoposaurid assemblages but have not been found in articulation within the palate. Disarticulated palatal plates have only been found underneath skulls, but articulated plates have been found in skulls with the palate facing up."

The bonebed site, which they call Nobby Knob (NK), does not seem to fit the geological consensus view of a relatively calm lacustrine environment. They admit that whatever happened is “a mass mortality event of unknown cause.”

Our report coincided in time with one on Live Science: “Triassic amphibians the size of alligators perished in mass die-off in Wyoming, puzzling ‘bone bed’ reveals.”

Q: Dozens of alligator-sized amphibians buried together with bivalves and petrified wood? 

Q: Soft tissue impressions preserved for 230 million years? 

Q: How could that happen? 

Creationists and flood geologists should study this site and provide more reasonable alternatives to the view that this was the result of ordinary seasonal processes." 

CEH