Puritan Corner - Pastor's 2 Voices

 “The pastor ought to have two voices; One for gathering the sheep;

and another for driving away wolves.”

by John Calvin (1509-1564)

Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Matthew 7:15

Looking to the End SERIES: "Popular Demand"

"Protestants in America will join Papal Rome and Spiritualism
“The (apostate) Protestants of the United States will be foremost in stretching their hands across the gulf to grasp the hand of Spiritualism; they will reach over the abyss to clasp hands with the Roman power; and under the influence of this threefold union, this country will follow in the steps of Rome in trampling on the rights of conscience” (The Great Controversy, 588).

Protestant American Churches will form an Image of the Beast
“When the leading churches of the United States, uniting upon such points of doctrine as are held by them in common, shall influence the State to enforce their decrees and to sustain their institutions, then [apostate] Protestant America will have formed an image of the Roman hierarchy, and the infliction of civil penalties upon dissenters will inevitably result” (The Great Controversy, 445).

American Rulers and Legislators will Yield to the “Popular Demand” for a Sunday Law.
“The dignitaries of church and State will unite to bribe, persuade, or compel all classes to honor the Sunday. The lack of divine authority will be supplied by oppressive enactments. Political corruption is destroying love of justice and regard for truth; and even in free America, rulers and legislators, in order to secure public favor, will yield to the popular demand for a law enforcing Sunday observance” (The Great Controversy, 445).

Comment: The spark for the Sunday Law doesn’t come primarily from a certain American president or Congress, but from the “public.” Rulers and legislators will “yield to the popular demand” for Sunday legislation." 

Steve Wohlberg/F7

Ripped from the Headlines:
"In many places where the church possesses significant political power, it will often use its influence to advocate for laws that protect what they call the sanctity of Sunday as a day of rest and worship. Such efforts seek to encourage people to focus on religious activities and family time rather than secular pursuits and sports. Historically, these laws were based on religious traditions and reflected the social and moral values of the past. While such laws have gradually relaxed over the years, there is a movement underway that is seeking to

reintroduce Sunday into society.
On June 5, 2024, the Belfast News Letter Today published an article titled “Free Presbyterian Church Accuses Northern Ireland Football League of Anti-Christian ‘Discrimination’ for Staging Matches on Sunday” that called for an end to the desecration of Sunday. 

In other words, playing football on Sunday violates both the Sabbath and discriminates against Christians, neither of which is true.
The Belfast News Letter Today published the following:
• “The Free Presbyterian Church has written to the NI Football League (NIFL) to complain that it is discriminating against practicing Christians by staging matches on the Sabbath.” 
• “The letter says … ‘We, in keeping with the historic position of Protestant Churches hold Sunday to be the Christian Sabbath’.” 
• “We hold it to be a special day and a day that is marked by the worship of God and rest and it has been kept this way by thousands of evangelical Christians for hundreds of years.” 
• “Now, however, with Premiership football matches to be held on Sunday NIFL are robbing Christian fans of the opportunity of supporting their team from week to week and they are closing the door for Christian footballers to be able to play in the top league in Northern Ireland.” 
• “In a day when we are being told that there should be equal opportunities for all, this does not seem to include evangelical Christians.” 
• “We are calling on NIFL to reverse course on the matter of Sunday football.” 
Basically, the argument that the Free Presbyterian Church in Ireland is making is that playing football on Sunday is both immoral and illegal.
These are the types of pressure tactics that the church will use on its citizens in order to revive Sunday laws. As societies grapple with issues like the loss of spirituality, overwork, burnout, and the erosion of family time, there will be renewed interest in preserving Sundays as a day for worship, reflection, and community engagement. The revival of Sunday rest will be driven by a desire to promote a sense of well-being and solidarity in an increasingly fast-paced and spiritually devoid world." 

AdventMessenger

IN the NEWS - Hitler lives on

Any question anyone had about who these IslamoFascists are should be crystal clear now.....

Q: In the 21st century how is this happening?
A: Wickedness proceedeth from the wicked.....1 Samuel 24:13

"Pro-Palestinian protesters interrupted the soccer game at the 2024 Olympics, Saturday, with shouts saluting Adolf Hitler.

The group of pro-Palestinian activists held up Palestinian flags when the Israeli team lined up on the field Saturday alongside Team Paraguay, at the Parc des Princes, but it didn’t end there. 

The group began showing support for Hitler, seemingly in an attempt to get a rise out of the players, and to generate attention to their cause. The group was coordinated in their efforts as they repeatedly made the Nazi salute and chanted “Heil Hitler” at the top of their voices." 

DailyCaller

Creation Moment 7/31/2024 - A New Cosmology SERIES: Comparing the Predictions

  I am the LORD that maketh all things; 

that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; 

that spreadeth abroad the earth by Myself; 

That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, 

and maketh diviners mad;

 that turneth wise men backward, 

and maketh their knowledge foolish; 

Isaiah 44:24,25

"With these equations, if we know the true size and luminosity of a galaxy, we can compute its angular diameter and apparent brightness at any given redshift for each model. 

Unfortunately, we don’t know a priori the true size or luminosity of a distant galaxy. 

However, we can consider the typical size and luminosity of a nearby galaxy, compute its angular diameter and apparent brightness at a high redshift, and see if distant galaxies at that redshift have comparable angular diameters and brightnesses. This assumes that distant galaxies are comparable to nearby ones—a complication we will deal with below. 

Q: But what is a typical diameter and luminosity of a galaxy?

Let us start by considering a typical diameter. 

Of the ~30 main, confirmed members of the local group of galaxies, the average diameter is around 5,000 parsecs. The median is only 1,350 parsecs due to the fact that small, dwarf galaxies vastly outnumber the larger ones. Since these smaller galaxies tend to be fainter, they will be under-represented in magnitude-limited surveys like the JWST deep fields. Therefore, it makes sense to use a value closer to the mean as an example of a typical galaxy. We will use 4,500 parsecs as a typical galaxy diameter. The exact value is not important since the different models predict different slopes in angular diameter as a function of redshift.

We see the angular diameter of a 4.5 kpc galaxy at various redshifts

for the three models. The red curve is the angular diameter predicted by the ΛCDM model. Notice that the angular diameter reaches a minimum of about 0.5 arcseconds at a redshift of around 1.6, and is larger for greater redshifts. This magnification effect exists only in expanding-space cosmological models. The predicted angular diameter of the tired light model is shown in green (Lovyagin et al. 2022). 

The angular diameter predicted by the Doppler model is shown in black. 

When we examine the angular sizes of images in JWST data, we expect considerable scatter since galaxies come in a range of sizes. But the median should be approximately centered on the curve of the correct model." 

AIG

Looking to the End SERIES: Protestantism & sexual sin

America has “Two Horns like a Lamb,” which apply to its Two “Fundamental Principles”: “Republicanism and Protestantism.”

“And he had two horns like a lamb.” The lamb-like horns indicate youth, innocence, and gentleness, fitly representing the character of the United States when presented to the prophet as “coming up” in 1798. 

The Christian exiles who first fled to America, sought an asylum from royal oppression and priestly intolerance, and they determined to establish a government upon the broad foundation of civil and religious liberty. The Declaration of Independence sets forth the great truth that all men are created equal, and endowed with the inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 

And the Constitution guarantees to the people the right of self-government, providing that representatives elected by the popular vote shall enact and administer the laws. 

Freedom of religious faith was also granted, every man being permitted to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience.

“Republicanism and Protestantism became the fundamental principles of the nation. These principles are the secret of its power and prosperity” (The Great Controversy, 441).

Comment: Don’t miss it: “Republicanism and Protestantism became the fundamental principles of the nation. These principles are the secret of its power and prosperity.” 

True “Protestantism” is based on the Bible, not atheism, which formerly prevailed in France. 

---Based on Scripture, true Protestantism also opposes sexual sins. Its godly principles result in “prosperity,” for “righteousness exalts a nation,” while “sin is a reproach to any people” (Proverbs 14:34). True Protestantism, as expressed in the protest of the noble German princes against papal tyranny at the Diet of Spires in 1529 also defends religious freedom and the supremacy of conscience above the will of states and kings in matters of religion. 

This protestant principle is reflected in America’s first constitutional amendment that declares, “Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” 

Steve Wohlberg/F7

Ripped from current Headlines:
"Living Lutheran is the official and primary publication of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). Founded in 1831, it had a monthly circulation of over 133,000 households in 50 countries, sharing news of the denomination’s activities, institutions, congregations, and synods in paper distribution before going fully digital in 2024. 

They recently ran a glowing feature of The Table church in Nashville, TN. Led by ‘pastor’ Dawn Bennet, the magazine praises

her for her work in ministering to the LGBTQ community, saying in part: "The Table is the first ELCA congregation in the Southeastern Synod with the specific goal of serving the LGBTQ+ community, Bennett said. “This innovative ministry sought to establish a safe place for the community to discover their belovedness and belongingness within the Christian lens. It is deliberate work, albeit tender work,” she added. “The Table offers an affirming place for all women, particularly our LGBTQ+ identified women, to explore their being and belonging.”
It’s also the first LGBTQ+ Women of the ELCA group, which makes Bennett a trailblazer. But Bennet said she hopes it will not be the only one of its kind. “By God’s grace and our commitment to creating innovative ministry in our future church, to be the first means to also pave the way for others to create this kind of specialized unit to serve their own context,” she said." 

Protestia

Behind the Veil of the Seen and Unseen

Behind the Veil of the Seen and Unseen--something is up--in Rapid Succession.....

1) Who moved Biden's handlers to demand a pre-convention debate (a first) which set in motion a series of events that knocked him out of the race AFTER the Primaries but before the Convention (another first).

2) Who (from the battle behind the veil) was involved in the Trump shooting---whether moving his head in time or the spirit behind the shooter? Which happened to set the following in motion---
3) Harris Coronation where--just a week before--many Democrats were chomping at the bit to take her on at an open convention---but due to the Trump shooting they all endorsed Harris within an hour of Biden's withdrawl (mostly because they believe Trump will win since the assassination attempt so let Harris have it then be rid of her). 

Q: But will that be how it turns out?
4) Then the Sodomitish Parisian Olympics Last Supper Insult to God---as the world watched itself raise it's fist toward God.
---Now picture watching this Panorama unfold on earth from a sideline over the last month as this Great Controversy plays out here on earth on this Space Fabric of Time from between the Twin Decrees from the Throne of God of "Let There Be Light" to "It Is Done".
***But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me one and twenty days: but, lo, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me; and I remained there with the kings of Persia.
Daniel 10:13
Q: What role IF ANY--would another Trump term play in the trajectory of America's role as the Land Beast?
Q: What role IF ANY--would a Harris term play in the trajectory of America's role of the Land Beast?
Eerily Creepy: The Paris Olympics Blasphemy as the world

displays it's Luke 19:14 mentality of -- But his citizens hated him, and sent a delegation after him, saying, ‘We will not have this man to reign over us.’

IN the NEWS - They don't mean the Apology

And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. Genesis 6:5

They knew what they were doing---they had to find the actors, buy the props and practice. They went through with it. But it doesn't matter. It is just a Sign of the Times that shouldn't be surprising.

"On Saturday, the organizers of the Paris Olympics scrambled to pressure social media platforms, such as X, to censor users who mocked and criticized Friday night's shocking Opening Ceremony. 

The event, which featured drag queens, nudity, and scenes deemed

highly disrespectful to Christians, sparked outrage worldwide. When the International Olympic Committee's social media 1984-style censorship efforts failed the committee had no choice but to apologize for the drag queen parody of Jesus' Last Supper on Sunday morning. 

What were the organizers thinking when they recreated the Biblical scene of Jesus Christ and his apostles with drag queens, a transgender model, and a naked singer made up as the Greek god of wine, Dionysus?

The woke mind virus is a phenomenon spreading like cancer across the Western world, infecting the youngest generations through public schools and activist corporations funding non-profits, as well as

leftist politicians, who intend to install a new religion of woke. It's only natural for a competing religion to mock and attack the status quo, that being Christians, and that's exactly what occurred at the Games by the new religion rooted in Marxism.

Remember, the Olympics' planning phase takes years and tens of millions of dollars. 

---For the Games spokesperson to now desperately claim that this opening performance was a big misunderstanding - insults the intelligence of the world, which was watching and left in disbelief.

Google Search trends for 'boycott Olympics' soared globally. " ZeroHedge

IN the NEWS - Anyone Surprised?

And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. Genesis 6:5

"In keeping with the Paris Olympics’ apparent theme of debauchery and sexual license, Games participants have been told that they have one more dubious benefit while attending the 2024 Olympics: they are being allowed free entrance to one of Paris’s top strip clubs.
Olympics officials, athletes, and even the media have been handed

free access, without door fees, to Secret Square, Paris, one of the biggest stripper bars in The City of Lights, TMZ reported. On the tail of the “gayest opening ceremony” of all time, Olympic participants only have to show door bouncers their official Olympic credentials, and they will be allowed free entrance to the high-rated adult venue.
Perhaps the offer of free entrance to the sex den is not a surprise after the display of libidinous abandon seen on Friday afternoon in an opening ceremony that featured dozens of transgender, gay, and sexually explicit dancers and models sashaying across the world’s TV sets." 

Breitbart

Creation Moment 7/30/2024 - A New Cosmology SERIES: Distances in the FLRW Metric

 I am the LORD that maketh all things; 

that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; 

that spreadeth abroad the earth by Myself; 

That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, 

and maketh diviners mad;

 that turneth wise men backward, 

and maketh their knowledge foolish; 

Isaiah 44:24,25

"In an expanding space, the perceived brightness of a distant standard candle is no longer simply inversely proportional to the square of the distance. 

And the angular diameter is no longer inversely proportional to distance. 

Both of these are good approximations for nearby objects, but fail for objects with significant redshifts due to the curvature of spacetime.

To deal with these general relativistic effects, astronomers use several different definitions of distance, and convert between them as needed. 

--The comoving distance uses coordinates that expand with space, maintaining number density within a comoving volume. 

--Luminosity distance is the distance an object would be at if its brightness diminished as the inverse square of distance.

So, by definition, an object’s apparent brightness diminishes as the inverse square of its luminosity distance. 

--Finally, the angular diameter distance is the distance at which an object would be for its angular diameter to be inversely proportional to distance. So, an object’s angular diameter (θ) is simply its true diameter (s) divided by its angular diameter distance (DA).

𝜃=𝑠𝐷𝐴

These three functions of redshift each depend on three cosmological parameters: the Hubble constant (H0), matter density of the universe relative to critical density (ΩM), and dark energy density relative to critical density (ΩΛ). 

We will here assume the standard “flat” universe in which the sum of matter density and dark energy density equals one: ΩM + ΩΛ = 1. And going forward we will assume the standard values of the cosmological parameters: ΩM = 0.3; ΩΛ = 0.7; H0 = 70 km/s/Mpc. Only these values are consistent with observations of the nearby universe under the assumption of the FLRW metric and homogeneity (Choudhury and Padmanabhan 2005: Lisle 2016). 

This is called the Lambda-Cold-Dark-Matter (ΛCDM) model, or simply the standard model. In a “flat” universe, the comoving distance (DC), luminosity distance (DL), and angular distance (DA) are related to redshift (z) by the following (Hogg 2000):

𝐷𝑐(𝑧)=𝑐𝐻0∫0𝑧(𝑑𝑧′/1+Ω𝑀((1+𝑧′)3−1))

𝐷𝐿(𝑧)=𝑐(1+𝑧)𝐻0∫0𝑧(𝑑𝑧′/1+Ω𝑀((1+𝑧′)3−1))

𝐷𝐴(𝑧)=𝑐𝐻0(1+𝑧)∫0𝑧(𝑑𝑧′/1+Ω𝑀((1+𝑧′)3−1))

Notice that all these distances converge at low z. This is because the spatial geometry of a ΛCDM universe is nearly Euclidian for very short distances. 

At higher distances, the luminosity distance is always larger than the comoving distance, indicating that objects will appear fainter than they would if stationary in a non-expanding universe at that distance. The angular diameter distance is particularly interesting because it reaches a maximum at z ≈ 1.6. Since the angular diameter distance is the inverse of the angular diameter of an object at redshift z, this means that an object will continue to look smaller with increasing distance until it reaches redshift 1.6. Beyond that distance, the object will start to look larger as its distance increases.

--Thus, all other things being equal, galaxies should appear smallest at a distance corresponding to redshift 1.6 according to the standard model. 

--Beyond that distance, galaxies should appear larger as their redshift increases. However, this effect is simply not seen in any Hubble Space Telescope (HST) or JWST images. Indeed, galaxies continue to appear smaller with increasing distance as if the large-scale spatial geometry of the universe were purely Euclidian as will be shown below. This is what we would expect if the Hubble law were due to Doppler shifts of galaxies moving through a non-expanding space.

So, we now consider the possibility that galactic redshifts are caused purely by the Doppler effect due to their motion through non-

expanding space. Furthermore, let’s assume for the sake of hypothesis that the Hubble law is truly linear with respect to velocity even at high redshifts. In this case, the Hubble flow is not due to expansion of space itself, but merely reflects the average recessional velocity of galaxies at a given distance. Then, neglecting peculiar velocities, the distance to any galaxy is simply its velocity (as derived from redshift) divided by the Hubble constant which we take to be 70 km/s/Mpc. We will call this the Doppler model.

The recessional velocity (v) of an object with a Doppler induced redshift (z) is given by the following formula (Lisle 2018)2:

𝑣=𝑐(𝑧+1)2−1(𝑧+1)2+1

The Doppler model therefore does not predict the magnification effect that is required in the ΛCDM model at redshifts greater than 1.6. We have also plotted the distance predicted by the tired light model. This would also be the angular diameter distance in the tired light model, since it presupposes that galaxies are essentially stationary (aside from their small peculiar velocities) in a non-expanding space.

In the Doppler model, luminosities do not diminish as 1/r2. This is due to relativistic beaming. Beaming is caused by Lorentz aberration (isotropic radiation in the rest frame will not be isotropic in a moving frame), and the time dilation. The formula for luminosity reduction (LR) by beaming at velocity (v) for an object moving directly away from the observer is (Rybicki and Lightman 1979):

𝐿𝑅=(1−𝑣/𝑐1+𝑣/𝑐)3

This can also be expressed in terms of redshift by substitution of v from equation:

𝐿𝑅=1/(𝑧+1)3

Thus, we can compute the luminosity distance according to the Doppler model:

𝐷𝐿𝐷𝑜𝑝=𝐷𝐷𝐿𝑅=𝐷𝐷(𝑧+1)32

Since this curve is higher than the luminosity distance for ΛCDM, the Doppler model predicts that galaxies will appear slightly fainter at a given redshift than the prediction of the standard model." AIG

Looking to the End SERIES: Peril of Atheism and Infidelity

The Peril of Atheism and Infidelity

“Anarchy is seeking to sweep away all law, not only divine, but human. The centralizing of wealth and power; the vast combinations for the enriching of the few at the expense of the many; the combinations of the poorer classes for the defense of their interests and claims; the spirit of unrest, of riot and bloodshed; the world-wide dissemination of the same teachings that led to the French Revolution—all are tending to involve the whole world in a struggle similar to that which convulsed France” (Education, 228)."

“The world is deluged with books which sow the seeds of skepticism, infidelity, and atheism, and to a larger or less degree you have been

learning your lessons from these books, and they are magical books. They put God out of the mind, and separate the soul from the true Shepherd. The volumes you have read have been devised by the agents of Satan to bewitch the mind with theories formed in the synagogue of Satan, to show you how you may serve the evil one with satanic dignity. 

How numerous are the books of infidel tendencies, which are calculated to unsettle the mind through specious doubts! Satan has breathed his poisonous breath upon them, and a deadly, spiritual malaria affects the soul that reads them. What a mass of fictitious reading is there in the world, to fill the mind with fancies and follies, thus creating a disrelish for the words of truth and righteousness!

 The mind is thus unfitted for solemn thought, 

for patient, persevering investigation of the Scriptures, 

which is the guide book by which you are to be directed to the paradise of God” (The Youth’s Instructor, Nov. 16, 1893).

Comment: Infidel, atheistic teachings are deadly to spirituality. So is sexual immorality. 23,000 Israelites fell in one day because of sexual sin on the edge of the Promised Land (see Numbers 25). 

*This was written for our admonition, “upon whom the ends of the world are come” 

(1 Corinthians 10:8,11)." 

Steve Wohlberg/F7

Ripped from Current Headlines:
"Kamala Harris is set to make a guest appearance Friday on the Paramount+ series RuPaul’s Drag Race All Stars. The segment was taped before Joe Biden announced Sunday that he is quitting his re-election campaign.

In the segment, Kamala Harris fear-mongers toward her massive gay fanbase, erroneously telling them “each day we are seeing our rights and freedoms under attack, including the right of everyone to be who they are, love who they love, openly and with pride.”
Despite her claims, there have been no federal or state laws banning homosexuality or gay marriage. Kamala Harris’ segment features appearances by drag queen Michelle Visage as well as Lance Bass, Leslie Jones, and Cheyenne Jackson.
Since she was anointed by Democrat party elites as their presumptive nominee — effectively nullifying the entire presidential primary process — Kamala Harris has received an outpouring of support from LGBTQ+ leaders." 

Breitbart

The Science of Gen. 3:19 & Job 17:16

.....till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return......They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust.

Genesis 3:19/Job 17:16

"Once they begin to decompose, human bodies contain bacteria and fungal decomposers that are actually pretty rare in the rest of the

world.

The decomposition system pivots around the dead body as a resource and that's mainly for food......It might seem like a discomforting thought but these microbes are essential to the

natural world, and they break down corpses to eventually become part of the “decomposition ecosystem” and help with plant production.

Dr Devin Finaughty, who wasn’t involved in the study, spoke to IFLScience and said: “Decomposition is technically defined as the consumption of organic material by other organisms, [and is] distinct from physical degradation of organic remains by physical, erosive forces, like water." 

Indy100

IN the NEWS - An Apology in France

Amen, amen. 

Numbers 5:22

"Marion Maréchal urged the world to not blame her country for the “left-wing minority” responsible for the anti-Christian insults made

during the Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony.”

Maréchal, the niece of National Rally leader Marine Le Pen decried the woke Opening Ceremonies, which she said she had sat down with her children to watch.

She said that it was “difficult to appreciate the rare successful scenes between the decapitated Marie-Antoinette, the kissing crowd, drag

queens, the humiliation of the Republican Guard forced to dance to Aya Nakamura, and the general ugliness of the costumes and choreography. We desperately seek to celebrate the values ​​of sport and the beauty of France in the midst of such crude woke propaganda,” Maréchal said.

Addressing the global audience on X, she added: “To all the Christians of the world who are watching the #Paris2024 ceremony and felt insulted by this drag queen parody of the Last Supper, know that it is not France that is speaking but a left-wing minority ready for any provocation. #notinmyname.” 

Breitbart

Creation Moment 7/29/2024 - A New Cosmology SERIES: Intro

I am the LORD that maketh all things; 

that stretcheth forth the heavens alone; 

that spreadeth abroad the earth by Myself; 

That frustrateth the tokens of the liars, 

and maketh diviners mad;

 that turneth wise men backward, 

and maketh their knowledge foolish; 

Isaiah 44:24,25

"Estimated galaxy diameters in deep field images provided by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are far smaller than cosmologists expected. 

However, these size estimates assume the Friedmann-Lemaitre-

Robertson-Walker (FLWR) metric of an expanding universe. 

---We here show that if galaxy redshifts are interpreted as Doppler shifts in a non-expanding space then these distant galaxies are actually the same size as nearby galaxies for all values of redshift (z). ---We show that the brightness of these galaxies is also consistent with their redshift interpreted as a Doppler shift in non-expanding space. 

---We find that the standard model fails the Tolman surface brightness test when applied to JWST galaxies, but that our alternative model passes. 

Secular astronomers interpret the differences between their predictions and observations as a result of galaxy evolution over billions of years. 

---We here show that the data are more consistent with galaxies receding through a non-expanding space in which no substantial galaxy evolution has occurred. 

This new cosmology is consistent with Biblical creation, contrary to the big bang, and allows us to make testable, quantitative predictions about future JWST observations.

In particular, the galaxies are 

more abundant, 

more massive, 

more mature, 

more structured, 

have higher metallicity, 

and exist at greater distances 

than standard secular cosmologists had predicted (Boylan-Kolchin 2023; Ferreira et al. 2022; Labbé et al. 2023; Rhoads et al. 2023).

Most advocates of the big bang have simply readjusted their models of galaxy evolution to accommodate these new discoveries, pushing back galaxy formation to an earlier time. But there are several specific aspects of these distant galaxies that strongly resist any realistic interpretation within the standard cosmological model. 

The brightnesses, surface brightnesses, and especially the angular diameters of distant galaxies observed by the JWST suggest an entirely different cosmology.

These differences arise from different assumptions about what is causing redshifts in galaxies—the stretching of their light to longer

wavelengths. 

Until recently, it has been difficult to discern which model best fits the data because the predictions of all models are very similar for nearby galaxies. 

But the JWST has unveiled the properties of galaxies at unprecedented distances where the predictions of various models radically diverge. 

These observations are not favorable to the big bang model nor the metric on which it is based. They do, however, fit nicely into a model in which galaxies recede through space without expansion of space itself. Thus, this new interpretation of the data may form the basis for a Biblically-compatible “young universe” cosmology.

The wavelength of light we observe is not always the same as the wavelength observed by the source at the time of its creation. The difference may be due to any number of processes, such as the Doppler effect or time dilation. 

Redshift (z) is defined as the shift of the observed wavelength (λ0) relative to the emitted wavelength (λE) by the following:

𝑧=𝜆𝑂𝜆𝐸−1

Equation 1

In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble discovered a relationship between the distance to a given galaxy, and its redshift. Namely, galaxies that are farther from us tend to have a higher redshift than those nearby. The relationship is nearly linear for nearby galaxies and is called the Hubble Law. It has the following form:

𝑧=𝐻0𝑐𝑟

Equation 2

The constant of proportionality, H0, is called the Hubble constant, c is the round-trip speed of light, r is the distance to the galaxy, and z is the redshift. The subscript 0 in the Hubble constant denotes that this is the current value of this number and may not have always been

this value over cosmological time.

In the 1920s, many astronomers interpreted the shifts in wavelength of the spectrum of galaxies as being due to the Doppler effect. Most galaxies are apparently moving away from ours and the larger the distance to the galaxy, the faster its recession velocity. For low redshifts, z ≈ v/c, and the Hubble law can be written as:

𝑣=𝐻0𝑟

Equation 3

Logically, if our galaxy observes neighboring galaxies receding in a way that is linearly proportional to their distance, then each of these other galaxies should also see other galaxies receding away from them according to the same Hubble law. Thus, the Hubble law implies that the entire universe is expanding in the sense that the average distance between galaxies is increasing—if the redshifts are interpreted as a Doppler effect.

Also in the 1920s, four physicists (Alexander Friedmann, George Lemaître, Howard P. Robertson, and Arthur Geoffrey Walker) independently discovered a non-static solution to Einstein’s field equations as applied to the entire universe. Many physicists were convinced that this solution showed that space itself could expand. With the publication of the Hubble law in 1929, Lemaitre argued that the observed redshift-distance relation of galaxies supported his solution. 

In 1931 Lemaitre conjectured that if the universe is expanding today, it must have been as small as an atom in the distant past. 

This was the first version of what would later be called the big bang theory. The solution to Einstein’s equations which describes an isotropic, homogeneous, expanding universe is called the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric after the four scientists who discovered it. It is often shortened to the Robertson-Walker metric.

The FLRW metric is assumed by the majority of astronomers today

because it naturally explains the Hubble law and why the law is linear for low redshifts. And it is required for the big bang origins story to be plausible. But the FLRW metric does not automatically imply a big bang. An expanding universe does not require that the universe started from a size of zero. Hence, most creation astronomers have largely embraced this metric while rejecting Lemaitre’s conjecture of how and when the universe began.

The FLRW metric is a fundamentally different explanation for galactic redshifts from the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect is the shifting of light wavelengths due to relative motion of the source through space. Such motion causes a redshift or blueshift due to the decompression or compression of the wave fronts relative to the observer. On the other hand, the FLRW metric treats the galaxies as essentially stationary points on an expanding balloon. The points become increasingly separated from each other, not because they are moving through space, but because the space between them is constantly expanding. Since the light is travelling through expanding space, its wavelength is stretched as it travels: the greater the distance, the greater the redshift.

It is impossible to discern the cause of a redshift

from the light itself.

A galaxy that is moving away from us through space produces the same kind of redshift as a galaxy that is “stationary” at some distance in an expanding space. However, the FLRW metric implies that spacetime is curved in such a way that distant galaxies will appear somewhat different at a given redshift than they would if the redshifts are entirely due to the Doppler effect. 

For example, the angular diameter of a galaxy at a given redshift will be different between a model that assumes redshifts are caused by expansion and one that assumes that redshifts are caused entirely by the Doppler effect. The apparent brightness will differ as well. Data from the JWST now make it possible to distinguish between these models. (Note that neither a Doppler interpretation nor the FLRW metric imply any central position for the earth. If the rate of galaxy recession increases with distance—the Hubble law—then all other galaxies should observe a similar relation relative to their location regardless of the cause of that recession.)

The FLRW metric permits galaxies to have genuine motion through space in addition to being carried along by expansion of the intervening space. Thus, the Doppler effect either adds to or subtracts from (depending on the direction of motion) the redshift that is due to expansion of space assuming the FLRW metric. 

--The increasing distance between galaxies due to expansion of space is called the Hubble flow, and the individual velocities of galaxies as they move through space are called peculiar velocities. For distant galaxies, the Hubble flow is so large that it overwhelms any peculiar velocity; hence all distant galaxies are redshifted. 

--However, for very nearby galaxies, the Hubble flow is quite small and peculiar velocities dominate. This is why a few very nearby galaxies are actually slightly blue-shifted, such as M31. Peculiar velocities simply add a bit of scatter to the Hubble law. Statistically, the peculiar velocities are essentially random and will therefore tend to cancel out on average in large data sets.

Other explanations for the Hubble law in a non-expanding space have also been suggested (Dennis 2022; de Sitter 1917; Hartnett 2015; Zwicky 1929). The tired light hypothesis was proposed by Fritz Zwicky in 1929. He postulated that galaxies are nearly stationary (except for their small peculiar velocities) in a non-expanding universe and that redshifts are merely a natural result of light traveling vast distances. 

That is, he thought that light gradually loses energy as it travels. Several mechanisms have been suggested, but most of them predicted a visual blurring of the most distant galaxies—a blurring that is not observed. The theory was not widely accepted, but is now being revisited by some astronomers in light of recent JWST observations (Gupta 2023; Lovyagin et al. 2022)." 

AIG

Looking to the End SERIES: Licentiousness

"Revelation 11 Pinpoints the Evils of Atheism and Sexual Immorality During the French Revolution

“When the message was brought him by Moses, in the name of the Lord, Pharaoh proudly answered, “Who is Jehovah, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go? I know not Jehovah, neither will I let Israel go” (Exodus 5:2). 

This is atheism; and the nation represented by Egypt would give voice to a similar denial of the claims of the living God, and would manifest a like spirit of unbelief and defiance. 

The “great city” is also compared, “spiritually,” to Sodom. 

The corruption of Sodom in breaking the law of God was especially manifested in licentiousness. And this sin was also to be a pre-eminent characteristic of the nation that should fulfill the specifications of this scripture” (The Great Controversy, 269).

Comment: Atheism, manifested in “Egypt,” was one characteristic of “the beast” from “the bottomless pit.” Revelation 11:7,8. “Sodom,” with its gross sexual immorality “breaking the law of God,” characterized the same beast." 

Steve Wohlberg/F7

Licentiousness refers to lacking legal or moral restraints, especially disregarding sexual restraints. It is marked by disregard for strict rules of correctness. Synonyms for licentiousness include corruption, debauchery, depravity, immorality, and iniquitousness.

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