"........one of the major questions is “What is the maximum apparent age that should be used to characterize the universe?”
Should we accept the apparent age of the universe of 13.82 x109 years as determined by the European
Space Agency based on the recent PLANCK space telescope results?....astronomical dating schemes are corrupted by the assumption that the age of the sun is 4.57 x 109 years.
I call this the Solar Age Condition (SAC).
This age is determined from radioisotope ages of ‘primordial meteors’. We now know that RATE results completely discredit this age. We are no longer bound to accept the pronouncements of the evolutionary cosmological community.
Our quest is to find natural reference clocks (NRCs) like
--Newtonian orbital periods,
--the speed of light,
and other well-known, well-observed physical rates or frequencies accepted by scientists, worldwide, to determine the apparent age of the time dilated universe.
Globular clusters (GCs), roughly form a spherical distribution component in the galaxy, which is called the Halo. GCs are red (high color index), high-velocity population II or ‘POP II’ objects.
They are clear of intracluster medium (ICM); that is, dust and gas.
A major problem is easily identified. Individual stars, as they age, blow off stellar winds of gas and dust.
Therefore, GCs as well as their ‘twins’, the dwarf spheroidal galaxies that orbit as companions to their parent galaxies, should accumulate dust and gas steadily from these winds. ICM should accumulate in the clusters.
It is hypothesized that these clusters regularly purge their ICM by crossing the dense galactic disk. According to Moore and Bildsten (M&B), the “most robust mechanism for clearing ICM is ram pressure stripping during disk crossings”. This is proposed as the primary means that the GC remains a POP II object. But this plane passage occurs about every 108–109 years!
Our NRC here is derived from the well-known Newtonian/Keplerian orbital equation, where P is the orbital period, a the orbital semimajor axis and M is the central mass. From this, we find that crossings are too far and few between! In the meantime, between disk crossings, the ICM is accumulating, and, on the average, most of the galaxies’ globular clusters should have much gas and dust, in disagreement with their POP II status!
What do the observations tell us? Infrared Spitzer observations place upper bounds on dust masses 10–100 times lower than expected, exactly like its POP II counterparts. M&B summarize the problem:
A classical nova is a binary star consisting of a white dwarf (a compact core from a star that has lost its atmosphere) and a normal star companion which has filled its critical surface (called a Roche lobe) and is streaming gas (hydrogen) toward the white dwarf (WD). The stream spirals in and creates a disk of gas. As the disk increases in density, the stream collides with the now opaque disk and produces a hot spot. The inner disk eventually funnels the gas onto the surface of the WD and accumulates hydrogen gas on it. The temperature of the gas rises as the pressure increases and
eventually the hydrogen ignites in a thermonuclear runaway—a nova outburst occurs. This causes a fast outflow of gas at about 1,000 km/s.
The rate of occurrence of novae outbursts in a GC is quite variable and is not well known. M&B assumed a rate of 20/year/1011 solar masses in the cluster. Further study shows more massive clusters will have a clearing problem due to ‘runaway’ accumulations to ICM between novae outbursts—their clearing mechanism seems only to work well in low-mass GCs.
If the ICM is 1/10 to 1/100 the amount expected, as determined by the observations, and plane crossings are 108–109 years apart, our NRC gives a range of age limits of the globular clusters of only 106–108 years, similar to the apparent (time dilation) age predicted for spiral galaxies to wind up and lose their ‘spiralness’. This is much less than the 13.82 x 109 years given by cosmologists for the age of the cosmos (100th to 10,000th of this age!).
A simpler explanation is that clusters have not been orbiting long enough to accumulate much ICM!
According to these considerations and to Scripture, the apparent age of the cosmos is much lower than the ‘astronomical’ age assumed by the cosmologists: “For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day” (Exodus 20:11). "
CMI
Should we accept the apparent age of the universe of 13.82 x109 years as determined by the European
I call this the Solar Age Condition (SAC).
This age is determined from radioisotope ages of ‘primordial meteors’. We now know that RATE results completely discredit this age. We are no longer bound to accept the pronouncements of the evolutionary cosmological community.
Our quest is to find natural reference clocks (NRCs) like
--Newtonian orbital periods,
--the speed of light,
and other well-known, well-observed physical rates or frequencies accepted by scientists, worldwide, to determine the apparent age of the time dilated universe.
Globular clusters (GCs), roughly form a spherical distribution component in the galaxy, which is called the Halo. GCs are red (high color index), high-velocity population II or ‘POP II’ objects.
They are clear of intracluster medium (ICM); that is, dust and gas.
A major problem is easily identified. Individual stars, as they age, blow off stellar winds of gas and dust.
Therefore, GCs as well as their ‘twins’, the dwarf spheroidal galaxies that orbit as companions to their parent galaxies, should accumulate dust and gas steadily from these winds. ICM should accumulate in the clusters.
It is hypothesized that these clusters regularly purge their ICM by crossing the dense galactic disk. According to Moore and Bildsten (M&B), the “most robust mechanism for clearing ICM is ram pressure stripping during disk crossings”. This is proposed as the primary means that the GC remains a POP II object. But this plane passage occurs about every 108–109 years!
Our NRC here is derived from the well-known Newtonian/Keplerian orbital equation, where P is the orbital period, a the orbital semimajor axis and M is the central mass. From this, we find that crossings are too far and few between! In the meantime, between disk crossings, the ICM is accumulating, and, on the average, most of the galaxies’ globular clusters should have much gas and dust, in disagreement with their POP II status!
What do the observations tell us? Infrared Spitzer observations place upper bounds on dust masses 10–100 times lower than expected, exactly like its POP II counterparts. M&B summarize the problem:
“Observations of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) in galactic globular clusters (GCs) show a systematic deficiency in ICM mass as compared to that expected from accumulation of stellar winds in the time available between galactic plane crossings.”
Globular clusters should have much higher dust and gas accumulations than observed. Where is the missing ICM in globular clusters? M&B try to solve this major problem by further hypothesizing that globular clusters lose their ICM by outflows from outbursts of classical novae in the cluster.A classical nova is a binary star consisting of a white dwarf (a compact core from a star that has lost its atmosphere) and a normal star companion which has filled its critical surface (called a Roche lobe) and is streaming gas (hydrogen) toward the white dwarf (WD). The stream spirals in and creates a disk of gas. As the disk increases in density, the stream collides with the now opaque disk and produces a hot spot. The inner disk eventually funnels the gas onto the surface of the WD and accumulates hydrogen gas on it. The temperature of the gas rises as the pressure increases and
The rate of occurrence of novae outbursts in a GC is quite variable and is not well known. M&B assumed a rate of 20/year/1011 solar masses in the cluster. Further study shows more massive clusters will have a clearing problem due to ‘runaway’ accumulations to ICM between novae outbursts—their clearing mechanism seems only to work well in low-mass GCs.
If the ICM is 1/10 to 1/100 the amount expected, as determined by the observations, and plane crossings are 108–109 years apart, our NRC gives a range of age limits of the globular clusters of only 106–108 years, similar to the apparent (time dilation) age predicted for spiral galaxies to wind up and lose their ‘spiralness’. This is much less than the 13.82 x 109 years given by cosmologists for the age of the cosmos (100th to 10,000th of this age!).
A simpler explanation is that clusters have not been orbiting long enough to accumulate much ICM!
According to these considerations and to Scripture, the apparent age of the cosmos is much lower than the ‘astronomical’ age assumed by the cosmologists: “For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day” (Exodus 20:11). "
CMI